Melt Rheology and Its Role in Plastics Processing Theory and Applications / by John M Dealy, K.F. Wissbrun.

This book is designed to fulfill a dual role. On the one hand it provides a description of the rheological behavior of molten poly mers. On the other, it presents the role of rheology in melt processing operations. The account of rheology emphasises the underlying principles and presents results, b...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Dealy, John M. (Author), Wissbrun, K.F (Author)
Corporate Author:	SpringerLink (Online service)
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands : Imprint: Springer, 1999.
Edition:	1st ed. 1999.
Series:	Springer eBook Collection.
Subjects:	Polymers . Chemical engineering. Mechanics. Mechanics, Applied. Materials science. Organic chemistry. Electronic resources (E-books)
Online Access:	Click to view e-book
Holy Cross Note:	Loaded electronically. Electronic access restricted to members of the Holy Cross Community.

Table of Contents:

1. Introduction to Rheology
1.1 What is Rheology?
1.2 Why Rheological Properties are Important
1.3 Stress as a Measure of Force
1.4 Strain as a Measure of Deformation
1.4.1 Strain Measures for Simple Extension
1.4.2 Shear Strain
1.5 Rheological Phenomena
1.5.1 Elasticity; Hooke’s Law
1.5.2 Viscosity
1.5.3 Viscoelasticity
1.5.4 Structural Time Dependency
1.5.5 Plasticity and Yield Stress
1.6 Why Polymeric Liquids are Non-Newtonian
1.6.1 Polymer Solutions
1.6.2 Molten Plastics
1.7 A Word About Tensors
1.7.1 Vectors
1.7.2 What is a Tensor?
1.8 The Stress Tensor
1.9 A Strain Tensor for Infinitesimal Deformations
1.10 The Newtonian Fluid
1.11 The Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics
1.11.1 The Continuity Equation
1.11.2 Cauchy’s Equation
1.11.3 The Navier-Stokes Equation
References
2. Linear Viscoelasticity
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Relaxation Modulus
2.3 The Boltzmann Superposition Principle
2.4 Relaxation Modulus of Molten Polymers
2.5 Empirical Equations for the Relaxation Modulus
2.5.1 The Generalized Maxwell Model
2.5.2 Power Laws and an Exponential Function
2.6 The Relaxation Spectrum
2.7 Creep and Creep Recovery; The Compliance
2.8 Small Amplitude Oscillatory Shear
2.8.1 The Complex Modulus and the Complex Viscosity
2.8.2 Complex Modulus of Typical Molten Polymers
2.8.3 Quantitative Relationships between G*(?) and MWD
2.8.4 The Storage and Loss Compliances
2.9 Determination of Maxwell Model Parameters
2.10 Start-Up and Cessation of Steady Simple Shear and Extension
2.11 Molecular Theories: Prediction of Linear Behavior
2.11.1 The Modified Rouse Model for Unentangled Melts
2.11.1.1 The Rouse Model for Dilute Solutions
2.11.1.2 The Bueche Modification of the Rouse Theory
2.11.1.3 The Bueche-Ferry Law
2.11.2 Molecular Theories for Entangled Melts
2.11.2.1 Evidence for the Existence of Entanglements
2.11.2.2 The Nature of Entanglement Coupling
2.11.2.3 Reptation
2.11.2.4 The Doi-Edwards Theory
2.11.2.5 The Curtiss-Bird Model
2.11.2.6 Limitations of Reptation Models
2.12 Time-Temperature Superposition
2.13 Linear Behavior of Several Polymers
References
3. Introduction to Nonlinear Viscoelasticity
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Nonlinear Phenomena
3.3 Theories of Nonlinear Behavior
3.4 Finite Measures of Strain
3.4.1 The Cauchy Tensor and the Finger Tensor
3.4.2 Strain Tensors
3.4.3 Reference Configurations
3.4.4 Scalar Invariants of the Finger Tensor
3.5 The Rubberlike Liquid
3.5.1 A Theory of Finite Linear Viscoelasticity
3.5.2 Lodge’s Network Theory and the Convected Maxwell Model
3.5.3 Behavior of the Rubberlike Liquid in Simple Shear Flows
3.5.3.1 Rubberlike Liquid in Step Shear Strain
3.5.3.2 Rubberlike Liquid in Steady Simple Shear
3.5.3.3 Rubberlike Liquid in Oscillatory Shear
3.5.3.4 Constrained Recoil of Rubberlike Liquid
3.5.3.5 The Stress Ratio (N1/?) and the Recoverable Shear
3.5.4 The Rubberlike Liquid in Simple Extension
3.5.5 Comments on the Rubberlike Liquid Model
3.6 The BKZ Equation
3.7 Wagner’s Equation and the Damping Function
3.7.1 Strain Dependent Memory Function
3.7.2 Determination of the Damping Function
3.7.3 Separable Stress Relaxation Behavior
3.7.4 Damping Function Equations for Polymeric Liquids
3.7.4.1 Damping Function for Shear Flows
3.7.4.2 Damping Function for Simple Extension
3.7.4.3 Universal Damping Functions
3.7.5 Interpretation of the Damping Function in Terms of Entanglements
3.7.5.1 The Irreversibility Assumption
3.7.6 Comments on the Use of the Damping Function
3.8 Molecular Models for Nonlinear Viscoelasticity
3.8.1 The Doi-Edwards Constitutive Equation
3.9 Strong Flows; The Tendency to Stretch and Align Molecules
References
4. Steady Simple Shear Flow and the Viscometric Functions
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Steady Simple Shear Flow
4.3 Viscometric Flow
4.4 Wall Slip and Edge Effects
4.5 The Viscosity of Molten Polymers
4.5.1 Dependence of Viscosity on Shear Rate
4.5.2 Dependence of Viscosity on Temperature
4.6 The First Normal Stress Difference
4.7 Empirical Relationships Involving Viscometric Functions
4.7.1 The Cox-Merz Rules
4.7.2 The Gleissle Mirror Relations
4.7.3 Other Relationships
References
5. Transient Shear Flows Used to Study Nonlinear Viscoelasticity
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Step Shear Strain
5.2.1 Finite Rise Time
5.2.2 The Nonlinear Shear Stress Relaxation Modulus
5.2.3 Time-Temperature Superposition
5.2.4 Strain-Dependent Spectrum and Maxwell Parameters
5.2.5 Normal Stress Differences for Single-Step Shear Strain
5.2.6 Multistep Strain Tests
5.3 Flows Involving Steady Simple Shear
5.3.1 Start-Up Flow
5.3.2 Cessation of Steady Simple Shear
5.3.3 Interrupted Shear
5.3.4 Reduction in Shear Rate
5.4 Nonlinear Creep
5.4.1 Time-Temperature Superposition of Creep Data
5.5 Recoil and Recoverable Shear
5.5.1 Creep Recovery
5.5.1.1 Time-Temperature Superposition; Creep Recovery
5.5.2 Recoil During Start-Up Flow
5.5.3 Recoverable Shear Following Steady Simple Shear
5.6 Superposed Deformations
5.6.1 Superposed Steady and Oscillatory Shear
5.6.2 Step Strain with Superposed Deformations
5.7 Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear
5.8 Exponential Shear; A Strong Flow
5.9 Usefulness of Transient Shear Tests
References
6. Extensional Flow Properties and Their Measurement
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Extensional Flows
6.3 Simple Extension
6.3.1 Material Functions for Simple Extension
6.3.2 Experimental Methods
6.3.3 Experimental Observations for LDPE
6.3.4 Experimental Observations for Linear Polymers
6.4 Biaxial Extension
6.5 Planar Extension
6.6 Other Extensional Flows
References
7. Rotational and Sliding Surface Rheometers
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Sources of Error for Drag Flow Rheometers
7.2.1 Instrument Compliance
7.2.2 Viscous Heating
7.2.3 End and Edge Effects
7.2.4 Shear Wave Propagation
7.3 Cone-Plate Flow Rheometers
7.3.1 Basic Equations for Cone-Plate Rheometers
7.3.2 Sources of Error for Cone-Plate Rheometers
7.3.3 Measurement of the First Normal Stress Difference
7.4 Parallel Disk Rheometers
7.5 Eccentric Rotating Disks
7.6 Concentric Cylinder Rheometers
7.7 Controlled Stress Rotational Rheometers
7.8 Torque Rheometers
7.9 Sliding Plate Rheometers
7.9.1 Basic Equations for Sliding Plate Rheometers
7.9.2 End and Edge Effects for Sliding Plate Rheometers
7.9.3 Sliding Plate Melt Rheometers
7.9.4 The Shear Stress Transducer
7.10 Sliding Cylinder Rheometers
References
8. Flow in Capillaries, Slits and Dies
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Flow in a Round Tube
8.2.1 Shear Stress Distribution
8.2.2 Shear Rate for a Newtonian Fluid
8.2.3 Shear Rate for a Power Law Fluid
8.2.4 The Rabinowitch Correction
8.2.5 The Schümmer Approximation
8.2.6 Wall Slip in Capillary Flow
8.3 Flow in a Slit
8.3.1 Basic Equations for Shear Stress and Shear Rate
8.3.2 Use of a Slit Rheometer to Determine N1
8.3.2.1 Determination of N1 from the Hole Pressure
8.3.2.2 Determination of N1 from the Exit Pressure
8.4 Pressure Drop in Irregular Cross Sections
8.5 Entrance Effects
8.5.1 Experimental Observations
8.5.2 Entrance Pressure Drop—the Bagley End Correction
8.5.3 Rheological Significance of the Entrance Pressure Drop
8.6 Capillary Rheometers
8.7 Flow in Converging Channels
8.7.1 The Lubrication Approximation
8.7.2 Industrial Die Design
8.8 Extrudate Swell
8.9 Extrudate Distortion
8.9.1 Surface Melt Fracture—Sharkskin
8.9.2 Oscillatory Flow in Linear Polymers
8.9.3 Gross Melt Fracture
8.9.4 Role of Slip in Melt Fracture
8.9.5 Gross Melt Fracture Without Oscillations
References
9. Rheo-Optics and Molecular Orientation
9.1 Basic Concepts—Interaction of Light and Matter
9.1.1 Refractive Index and Polarization
9.1.2 Absorption and Scattering
9.1.3 Anisotropic Media; Birefringence and Dichroism
9.2 Measurement of Birefringence
9.3 Birefringence and Stress
9.3.1 Stress-Optical Relation
9.3.2 Application of Birefringence Measurements
References
10. Effects of Molecular Structure
10.1 Introduction and Qualitative Overview of Molecular Theory
10.2 Molecular Weight Dependence of Zero Shear Viscosity
10.3 Compliance and First Normal Stress Difference
10.4 Shear Rate Dependence of Viscosity
10.5 Temperature and Pressure Dependence
10.5.1 Temperature Dependence of Viscosity
10.5.2 Pressure Dependence of Viscosity
10.6 Effects of Long Chain Branching
References
11. Rheology of Multiphase Systems
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Effect of Rigid Fillers
11.2.1 Viscosity
11.2.2 Elasticity
11.3 Deformable Multiphase Systems (Blends, Block Polymers)
11.3.1 Deformation of Disperse Phases and Relation to Morphology
11.3.2 Rheology of Immiscible Polymer Blends
11.3.3 Phase-Separated Block and Graft Copolymers
References
12. Chemorheology of Reacting Systems
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Nature of the Curing Reaction
12.3 Experimental Methods for Monitoring Curing Reactions
12.3.1 Dielectric Analysis
12.4 Viscosity of the Pre-gel Liquid
12.5 The Gel Point and Beyond
References
13. Rheology of Thermotropic Liquid Crystal Polymers
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Rheology of Low Molecular Weight Liquid Crystals
13.3 Rheology of Aromatic Thermotropic Polyesters
13.4 Relation of Rheology to Processing of Liquid Crystal Polymers
References
14. Role of Rheology in Extrusion
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Functions of Extruders
14.1.2 Types of Extruders
14.1.3 Screw Extruder Zones
14.2 Analysis of Single Screw Extruder Operation
14.2.

Melt Rheology and Its Role in Plastics Processing Theory and Applications / by John M Dealy, K.F. Wissbrun.

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