Comparative studies in Australian and New Zealand English : grammar and beyond

Comparative studies in Australian and New Zealand English : grammar and beyond / edited by Pam Peters, Peter Collins, Adam Smith.

In this chapter, we provide an account of antipodean swearing patterns, drawing on examples from existing written and spoken data banks. As part of this investigation, we consider general questions to do with swearing: what it is, why speakers do it and how swearing patterns have changed over the ye...

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Bibliographic Details
Other Authors: Peters, Pam, Collins, Peter, 1950-, Smith, Adam (Adam Michael)
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Amsterdam ; Philadelphia : John Benjamins Pub. Co., ©2009.
Series:Varieties of English around the world. General series ; v. 39.
Subjects:
English language > Australia > Grammar.
English language > New Zealand > Grammar.
Grammar, Comparative and general.
Language and culture.
LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES > General.
English language > Grammar
Grammar, Comparative and general
Language and culture
Australia
New Zealand
Online Access:Click for online access
Table of Contents:
  • Comparative Studies in Australian and New Zealand English
  • Editorial page
  • Title page
  • LCC data
  • Table of contents
  • List of abbreviations
  • List of contributors
  • Prologue
  • 1. Previous grammatical studies of AusE and NZE
  • 2. The present volume
  • 3. Corpus-based approaches
  • 4. Structure of the volume
  • 4.1 Section I ("Morphology")
  • 4.2 Section II ("Verbs and Verb Phrases")
  • 4.3 Section III ("Nouns and Noun Phrases")
  • 4.4 Section IV ("Clauses and Sentences")
  • 4.5 Section V ("Discourse")
  • References
  • Section I. Morphology
  • Irregular verbs
  • 1. Introduction: Movements in the English verb system
  • 2. Modeling and analyzing the directions of change
  • 3. Using ICE-corpus data, written and spoken
  • 4. Frequencies of nonstandard past verb forms used with sing/sang/sung verbs
  • 5. Frequencies of standard -ed and nonstandardized -t for verbs with variable past forms
  • 6. Sociolinguistic variation in verbal preferences, especially on the age spectrum
  • 7. Conclusions
  • References
  • Pronoun forms
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Data sources and methodology
  • 3. Results
  • 3.1 Conjoined pronouns
  • 3.2 Pronouns in identificational constructions, clefts, and than-comparatives
  • 3.3 Possessive me
  • 3.4 Demonstrative them and us NP
  • 3.5 2pl variants
  • 4. Conclusion
  • References
  • Hypocoristics in New Zealand and Australian English
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Functions of hypocoristics
  • 3. Sources of hypocoristics and their contexts of use
  • 4. Hypocoristics of placenames
  • 5. Ways of forming hypocoristics: Derivation, grammar and meaning
  • 6. Distribution of hypocoristics
  • 7. Conclusion
  • Appendix 1: Some Australian hypocoristics for placenames and institutions
  • References
  • Section II. Verbs and verb phrases
  • Modals and quasi-modals
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Recent changes: Quasi-modals on the rise.
  • 3. The corpora
  • 4. Frequencies across the regional varieties
  • 5. Frequencies across speech and writing
  • 6. The individual quasi-modals
  • 6.1 Have to
  • 6.2 Have got to
  • 6.3 Need to
  • 6.4 Be going to
  • 6.5 Want to
  • 7. Conclusion
  • References
  • The perfect and the preterite in Australian and New Zealand English
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. The perfect and the preterite in AusE and NZE
  • 3. AusE and NZE in the company of the other national varieties
  • 4. Data from Australian Style
  • 5. Summing up
  • References
  • The progressive
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Previous corpus-based studies
  • 3. The corpora
  • 4. Progressive aspectuality
  • 5. The growth of the progressive
  • 6. Grammatical features
  • 6.1 Forms of the progressive
  • 6.2 Clause type
  • 7. Special pragmatic uses
  • 8. Contraction
  • 9. Conclusion
  • References
  • The mandative subjunctive in spoken English
  • 1. Introduction: A vexed construction
  • 2. Previous corpus-based studies of the mandative subjunctive in British and American English
  • 3. Variation in postcolonial Englishes in their use of the mandative subjunctive
  • 4. Written vs. spoken use of the mandative subjunctive
  • 5. Spoken and written data from six ICE corpora
  • 6. Matrix verbs for the mandative subjunctive across six ICE corpora
  • 7. Spoken contexts for the use of the mandative subjunctive
  • 8. The future of the mandative subjunctive in world English
  • References
  • Light verbs in Australian, New Zealand and British English
  • 1. Definition of "light verb"
  • 2. Evidence for regional divergence
  • 2.1 Research studies
  • 2.2 Dictionary evidence
  • 3. Frequency of common light verbs in the ICE corpora
  • 3.1 Spoken vs written
  • 3.2 Regional and temporal differences
  • 4. Conclusions
  • References
  • Section III. Nouns and noun phrases
  • Non-numerical quantifiers
  • 1. Introduction.
  • 2. Classification of NNQs
  • 3. Issues that apply to NNQs
  • 3.1 Grammar: Verbal agreement and noun complementation
  • 3.2 Collocation
  • 3.3 Semantic weight
  • 3.4 Variation
  • 4. Previous corpus studies
  • 5. Corpus findings
  • 5.1 A lot/lots of
  • 5.2 ONNQs that have a singular or plural quantifying noun
  • 6. NNQs with singular or plural forms only
  • 7. Conclusions
  • References
  • Appendix 1
  • From chairman to chairwoman to chairperson
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Women, men and social salience
  • 3. Occupational terms
  • 3.1 Contextual considerations
  • 4. Conclusion
  • References
  • Appendix
  • Section IV. Clauses and sentences
  • Concord with collective nouns in Australian and New Zealand English
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Previous research and hypotheses
  • 2.1 Diachronic variation
  • 2.2 Regional variation
  • 2.3 Stylistic variation
  • 2.4 Language-internal variation
  • 3. Corpus data
  • 3.1 Definition of the variable
  • 3.2 Results and discussion
  • 4. Conclusion
  • References
  • Appendix
  • No in the lexicogrammar of English
  • 1. Introduction: Expressing negation
  • 2. Research on the uses of no in contemporary English
  • 3. Source material used in this study
  • 4. Preliminary identification of reaction signals
  • 5. Types of no collocation found in speech and writingLet
  • 6. Relative frequency of no collocations and not any paraphrases
  • 7. Freshly created no collocations
  • 8. Conclusions
  • References
  • Appendix
  • Zero complementizer, syntactic context, and regional variety
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. The predictions of syntactic theory
  • 3. Non-syntactic factors in the occurrence of zero complementizer
  • 4. Description of the corpus and results for general syntactic factors
  • 5. Noun complement clauses
  • 6. Description of the data and results for noun complement clauses
  • 7. Concluding remarks
  • References.
  • Infinitival and gerundial complements
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Gerunds and infinitives in written English: The Brown family of corpora
  • 2.1 help + infinitive
  • 2.2 prevent/stop + NP + (from) + gerund
  • 2.3 start and begin in catenative uses
  • 3. Gerunds and infinitives in spoken English: Data from three ICE corpora
  • 3.1 help + infinitive
  • 3.2 prevent/stop + NP + (from) + gerund
  • 3.3 start and begin in catenative uses
  • 4. The regional factor in context: Medium, style and lexical incidence
  • 5. Conclusion
  • References
  • Commas and connective adverbs
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. The problem
  • 3. Properties of connective adverbs
  • 4. Commas and connective adverbs
  • 5. "One sentence or two?"
  • 6. Towards a semantic explanation
  • References
  • Section V. Discourse
  • Information-packaging constructions
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. The corpora
  • 3. Some diachronic trends
  • 4. Regional and stylistic variation
  • 5. Existentials
  • 6. Extraposition
  • 7. Clefts
  • 7.1 It-clefts
  • 7.2 Basic pseudo-clefts
  • 7.3 Reversed pseudo-clefts
  • 8. Conclusion
  • References
  • Like and other discourse markers*
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Discourse markers
  • 3. Quantitative data
  • 4. Constructions with like: Competing analyses
  • 4.1 Like as a marker of intimacy and solidarity, especially among teenagers
  • 4.2 Like as a marker of loose talk
  • 4.3 Like as a discourse marker
  • 5. The speakers
  • 5.1 Australian speakers
  • 5.2 New Zealand speakers
  • 6. Constructions with like
  • 6.1 The functions of like (DM) in three sentence locations
  • 7. Clause-initial like (DM)
  • 8. Clause medial like (DM)
  • 9. Clause-final like (DM)
  • 10. Like in combination with other DMs
  • 11. Conclusion
  • References
  • Final but in Australian English conversation
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. The origins of Final Particle but in AusE
  • 3. Data
  • 4. Final Particle but in AusE.
  • 4.1 Final Hanging but
  • 4.2 Final Particle but
  • 4.3 Summary
  • 5. Comprehending Final but in contemporary AusE
  • 6. Social meaning of Final but in contemporary AusE
  • 7. Conclusion
  • References
  • Swearing
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. What is swearing?
  • 3. Why do we swear?
  • 3.1 The expletive function
  • 3.2 Swearing as abuse or insult
  • 3.3 The social function of swearing
  • 3.4 Stylistic functions of swearing
  • 4. Swearwords as discourse particles
  • 5. The evolution of swearing patterns
  • what is offensive changes over time
  • 6. Swearing is ever changing, but here to stay
  • References
  • Epilogue
  • 1. Differentiation among varieties of English
  • 2. Reflexes of BrE persisting in AusE and NZE
  • 3. Similarities between AusE and NZE grammar: An antipodean standard?
  • 4. Differences between AusE and NZE lexicogrammar: Independent national characteristics
  • 5. Register differentiation in AusE and NZE via the ICE corpora
  • 6. Corpus-based analysis and sociolinguistic variation
  • 7. Conclusions: Larger evolutionary trends in AusE, NZE and world English
  • References
  • Index
  • The series Varieties of English Around the World.

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