Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants : Volume 3.

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Bibliographic Details
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	National Academies Press 1996.
Subjects:	Space cabin atmospheres. Space vehicles > Contamination. Space vehicles > Air pollution. Space vehicles > Air quality > Standards. Space cabin atmospheres Space vehicles > Contamination
Online Access:	Click for online access

Table of Contents:

Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants
Copyright
Preface
Contents
SPACECRAFT MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR SELECTED AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS: Introduction
SUMMARY OF REPORT ON GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING SMACS
REVIEW OF SMAC REPORTS
REFERENCES
Appendix A GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING SPACECRAFT MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR SPACE STATION...
GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING SPACECRAFT MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR SPACE STATION CONTAMINANTS ...
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND LIFE-SUPPORT SYSTEM
MODIFICATION OF CONTAMINANT TOXICITY BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
SOURCES AND TYPES OF DATA FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF SMACS
Chemical-Physical Characteristics of Toxicants
In Vitro Toxicity Studies
Animal Toxicity Studies
Clinical and Epidemiological Observations
Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism
Biological Markers
RISK ASSESSMENT (DEVELOPMENT OF EXPOSURE CRITERIA)
ISSUES IN MAKING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SMACS
Appendix B REPORTS ON SPACECRAFT MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR SELECTED AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS
B1 BROMOTRIFLUOROMETHANE (HALON 1301)
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
OCCURRENCE AND USE
TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM
Toxicokinetics
Metabolism
TOXICITY SUMMARY
Acute and Short-Term Exposures
Human Exposures
CNS Effects
Cardiac Effects
Irritation
Animal Exposures
CNS Effects
Cardiac Effects
Histopathology and Mortality
Subchronic Exposures
Developmental Toxicity
Mutagenicity
Carcinogenicity
RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS
Studies Not Considered in Setting ACs
Studies on ''Impure'' Halon 1301
Studies on Irritation
Studies on Short-Term Exposures of Animals
Studies Considered in Setting ACs
Studies on CNS Effects in Humans.
Studies on Cardiovascular Effects in Humans
Studies on Subchronic Exposures in Animals
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
B2 1-BUTANOL
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
OCCURRENCE AND USE
TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM
Absorption
Distribution
Elimination
Metabolism
TOXICITY SUMMARY
Acute and Short-Term Exposures
Irritation
CNS Effects
Light Adaptation
Hepatotoxicity
Lethality
Subchronic and Chronic Exposures
Inhalation Exposures
Oral Exposures
Epidemiological Studies in Workers
Genotoxicity
Reproductive Toxicity
Developmental Toxicity
Interaction with Other Chemicals
RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS
Irritation and Inflammation of the Eyes
CNS Effects
Long-Term Systemic Injury
Spaceflight Effects
RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
B3 TERT-BUTANOL
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
OCCURRENCE AND USE
TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM
Absorption
Distribution
Elimination
Metabolism
TOXICITY SUMMARY
Acute and Short-Term Exposures
Subchronic Exposures
Chronic Exposures
Carcinogenicity
Genotoxicity
Reproductive Toxicity
Developmental Toxicity
Interaction with Other Chemicals
RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS
CNS Effects
Renal Lesions and Tumors
Urinary-Bladder Injury
Thyroid Lesions and Tumors
Spaceflight Effects
RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
B4 DIACETONE ALCOHOL
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
OCCURRENCE AND USE
TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM
Absorption
Distribution
Elimination
Metabolism
TOXICITY SUMMARY
Acute and Short-Term Exposures
Subchronic and Chronic Exposures
Carcinogenicity
Genotoxicity
Reproductive Toxicity
Developmental Toxicity
Interactions with Other Chemicals
RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS
CNS Depression.
Irritation of Eyes and Throat
Potential Liver Injury
RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
B5 DICHLOROACETYLENE
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
OCCURRENCE AND USE
TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM
Absorption
Distribution
Elimination
Metabolism
TOXICITY SUMMARY
Acute Exposures
Short-Term Exposures
Subchronic and Chronic Exposures
Noncancer Toxicity
Carcinogenicity
Genotoxicity
Biological Interactions
RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS
Nephrotoxicity
Hepatotoxicity
Neurotoxicity
Lethality
Summary
REFERENCES
B6 1, 2-DICHLOROETHANE
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
OCCURRENCE AND USE
TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM
Toxicokinetics
Metabolism
TOXICITY SUMMARY
Acute and Short-Term Exposures
Lethality
Cause of Death and Internal Injuries
Miscellaneous Symptoms
CNS Depression
Corneal Opacity
Bacterial Respiratory Infection
Subchronic and Chronic Exposures
Miscellaneous Symptoms
Gastroenterological and Hepatic Toxicity
Carcinogenicity
Genotoxicity
Developmental Toxicity
Interaction with Other Chemicals
RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS
CNS Effects
Gastrointestinal Symptoms
Liver Toxicity
Impaired Host Defense
Carcinogenesis
Establishment of SMACs
REFERENCES
B7 ETHANOL
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
OCCURRENCE AND USE
TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM
Absorption
Distribution
Excretion
Metabolism
Understanding of Ethanol Metabolism Before 1900
Understanding of Ethanol Metabolism by 1950
Present Understanding of Ethanol Metabolism
TOXICITY SUMMARY
Acute and Short-Term Exposures
Neurotoxicity
Mucosal Irritation
Flush Response
Subchronic and Chronic Exposures
Hepatotoxicity
Carcinogenicity
Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity
Reproductive Toxicity.
Developmental Toxicity
Interaction with Other Chemicals
RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS
Neurotoxicity
Mucosal and Eye Irritation
Hepatotoxicity
Flush Response
RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
B8 ETHYLBENZENE
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
OCCURRENCE AND USE
TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM
TOXICITY SUMMARY
Acute and Short-Term Exposures
Lethality
Eye and Respiratory Irritation
CNS Effects
Subchronic Exposures
Lethality
NOAELs for All Measured Effects
Respiratory Distress, CNS Effects
Neurochemical Changes
Chronic Exposures
Sleepiness, Fatigue, Eye, and Respiratory Irritation and Headache
Carcinogenicity
Kidney and Liver Changes
Testicular Toxicity
Genotoxicity
Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity
Interactions with Other Chemicals
RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS
Eye and Respiratory Irritation
Testicular Toxicity
Sleepiness and Headache
Spaceflight Considerations
RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
B9 ETHYLENE GLYCOL
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
OCCURRENCE AND USE
TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM
Absorption
Metabolism
Excretion
Toxicokinetics
TOXICITY SUMMARY
Acute or Short-Term Exposures
Lethality
CNS, Cardiopulmonary, and Renal Toxicity
Metabolic Acidosis and Miscellaneous Signs and Symptoms
Mucosal Irritation
Subchronic and Chronic Exposures
Mucosal Irritation and Eye Toxicity
CNS Effects
Renal Toxicity
Potential Effect on the Liver
Potential Hematological Effects
Lethality
Carcinogenesis
Genotoxicity
Reproductive Toxicity
Developmental Toxicity
Interaction with Other Chemicals
RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS
Mucosal Irritation
CNS Depression
Renal Toxicity
Establishment of SMAC Values
RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES.
B10 GLUTARALDEHYDE
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
OCCURRENCE AND USE
TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM
TOXICITY SUMMARY
Background
Acute Exposures
Irritation and Depressed Weight Gain
Respiratory Distress
Hepatitis
Lethality
Genotoxicity
Subchronic Exposures
Lethality
Irritation, Hematological Effects, and Decreased Organ Weights
Contact Dermatitis
Respiratory Difficulty, Rhinitis, Headache, Watering of the Eyes
Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity
Carcinogenicity
Interactions with Other Chemicals
RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS
Respiratory Difficulty, Rhinitis, Headache, Watering of the Eyes
Lesions of the Respiratory Tract
Hepatitis
SPACEFLIGHT CONSIDERATIONS
REFERENCES
B11 TRICHLOROETHYLENE
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
OCCURRENCE AND USE
TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM
Absorption and Distribution
Elimination
Metabolism
TOXICITY SUMMARY
Acute Exposures
Short-Term and Subchronic Exposures
Chronic Exposures
Noncarcinogenicity
Carcinogenicity
Genotoxicity
Reproductive and Developmental Effects
Interactions with Other Chemicals
RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS
CNS Effects
Cardiac Sensitization to Arrhythmia
Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity
Carcinogenesis
Summary
REFERENCES
B12 XYLENE
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM
TOXICITY SUMMARY
Acute Exposures
Subchronic Exposures
Chronic Exposures
Carcinogenicity and Genotoxicity
Gastrointestinal Effects in Humans
RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS
Lethality
1-h and 24-h ACs in Humans
1-h and 24-h ACs in Rats
Throat Irritation
1-h and 24-h ACs
7-d 30-d, and 180-d ACs
Eye Irritation
Histopathological Changes
Narcosis
Reduced Cardiac Output.

Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants : Volume 3.

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