Source Separation and Decentralization for Wastewater Management.

Is sewer-based wastewater treatment really the optimal technical solution in urban water management? This paradigm is increasingly being questioned. Growing water scarcity and the insight that water will be an important limiting factor for the quality of urban life are main drivers for new approache...

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Bibliographic Details
Other Authors:	Larsen, Tove A. (Editor)
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	[Place of publication not identified] : Iwa Publishing, 2013.
Subjects:	Water-supply engineering. Water > Purification > Particle removal. Municipal water supply > Environmental aspects. Water supply & treatment. SCIENCE > Applied Sciences. TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING > Environmental > General. Municipal water supply > Environmental aspects Water > Purification > Particle removal Water-supply engineering
Online Access:	Click for online access

Table of Contents:

Cover
Copyright
Contents
Authors' List
Preface
Chapter 1: Editorial
Part I: The advantages of source separation and decentralization
Chapter 2: The energy issue in urban water management
2.1 Introduction
Think Globally and Act Locally
2.2 Global Energy Goal
2.3 Renewable Energy Sources
2.4 Photosynthesis, Biomass, and BOD
2.5 Microbial Energy Conversion
2.6 Nutrient Recovery
2.7 New Biomass from Photosynthetic Microorganisms
2.8 Lower Energy Use
2.9 The Impact of Source Separation and Decentralization
References
Chapter 3: Peak phosphorus and the role of P recovery in achieving food security
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Phosphorus and Global Food Security
3.3 Global Phosphorus Scarcity and Pollution
3.4 Five Dimensions of Phosphorus Scarcity
3.5 Phosphorus Use in the Global Food System
3.6 Achieving Phosphorus Security
3.6.1 An integrated approach is required
3.6.2 The role of decentralized sanitation systems
3.6.3 Key challenges and opportunities
3.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Nitrogen economy of the 21st Century
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Nitrogen Sources
4.3 Release of Nitrogen to the Environment
4.4 Environmental Consequences
4.5 The Future and Possible Interventions
4.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Urban water supply under expanding water scarcity
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Water Supply of Urban Areas
5.2.1 On the verge of a new water scarcity
5.3 Implications of Increasing Competition?
5.4 Adapting to Increasing Water Shortage
5.5 Reasonable Blue-Water Allocation
5.6 Irrigation Potential
5.7 Additive Versus Competing Water Uses
5.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 6: The issue of micropollutants in urban water management
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Parent Compounds, Metabolites and Transformation Products
6.3 Classification
6.4 Some Examples of Micropollutants
6.4.1 Flame retardants
6.4.2 Biocides and pesticides
6.4.3 Endocrine disrupting chemicals
6.4.4 Anti-corrosive additives
6.4.5 Personal care products
6.4.6 Perfluorinated surfactants
PFOS and PFOA
6.4.7 Pharmaceuticals
6.4.8 Artificial sweeteners
6.4.9 Engineered nanoparticles
6.5 Management Options
6.5.1 Technology
6.5.2 Education and training
6.5.3 Source separation
6.5.4 Benign by design
References
Chapter 7: Full costs, (dis- )economies of scale and the price of uncertainty
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Conveyance-Based Wastewater Treatment
7.3 (dis- )Economies of Scale
7.4 Deficits of the Net Present Value Method
7.5 The Cost of Uncertainty
7.6 On-Site Treatment Systems
7.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: The rationale for decentralization of wastewater infrastructure
8.1 Types of Wastewater Infrastructure
8.2 Centralized Treatment Systems
8.3 Distributed Centralized Systems
8.4 Centralized Systems with Satellites
8.4.1 Implementation of satellite systems
8.5 Decentralized Systems
8.5.1 Types of decentralized wastewater systems
8.5.2 Historical development of decentralized systems
8.5.3 Modern development of decentralized systems
8.5.4 Advantages and disadvantages of decentralization
8.5.5 Continued developments in decentralized systems
8.5.6 Future evolution of decentralized wastewater systems
8.6 The Future
8.7 Summary
References
Chapter 9: Cities of the global South
is decentralized sanitation a solution?
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Centralized Systems
9.3 Unbundling
9.3.1 The value chain
9.3.2 Vertical unbundling
9.3.3 Horizontal unbundling
9.4 Decentralization
9.5 Technologies.
9.6 Creating Incentives
9.6.1 Contractual incentives
9.6.2 Financial incentives
9.6.3 Political incentives
9.6.4 Professional incentives
9.7 Summary
References
Part II: The challenges of source separation and decentralization
Chapter 10: Implementation of source separation and decentralization in cities
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Main Advantages of Source Separation and Decentralization in Cities
10.3 Challenges of Source Separation and Decentralization in Cities
10.3.1 The challenge of transport
10.3.2 The challenge of developing treatment processes
10.4 Transition
10.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Hygiene, a major challenge for source separation and decentralization
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Hazard Identification in a System Perspective
11.3 Human Exposure Assessment
11.4 Treatment Barriers and Examples of Their Reduction Efficiency
11.5 Quantifications of Risks and Risk-Benefit Strategies
11.6 Future Challenges and Knowledge Gaps
References
Chapter 12: Closing the loop: Recycling nutrients to agriculture
12.1 Nutrient Balance Close to Crop Removal
12.2 Source-Separated Toilet Wastes are Unique Biological Fertilizers
12.3 Nutrient Requirements and Fertilizers Used in Practice
12.4 Economic and GWP Value of Nutrients
12.5 Urine is Very Low in Pollutants
12.6 Low Hygiene Risk
12.7 Spreading Machinery
12.8 The Farmer
Businessman, Soil Steward and Entrepreneur
References
Chapter 13: The potential of control and monitoring
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Instrumentation, control and automation aspects
13.2 The Influent
13.3 Treatment Technologies
13.4 Instrumentation
13.5 Monitoring
13.6 Actuators
13.7 Operating Competence
13.8 The Need for Standardization
13.9 Conclusions
References.
Chapter 14: High acceptance of source-separating technologies
but ...
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Social Science Methods
14.2.1 Quantitative questionnaire surveys
14.2.2 Qualitative methods
14.3 Acceptance of Nomix Technology
14.3.1 Some results from qualitative approaches
14.3.2 Results from quantitative approaches
14.4 Acceptance of Urine-Based Fertilizers
14.5 Technology Requirements and Outlook
14.5.1 Drawbacks of NoMix toilets for users
14.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15: Market success of on-site treatment: a systemic innovation problem
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The Systemic Innovation Problem
15.3 The German On-Site Industry
15.4 Major Innovation Challenges
15.5 Three Potential Trajectories
15.6 Conclusions
References
Part III: Potential technologies for source separation
Chapter 16: Conceptualizing sanitation systems to account for new complexities in processing and management
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Emerging Products
16.3 Functional Groups for Targeted Product Processing
16.3.1 User interface
16.3.2 Collection and storage
16.3.3 Conveyance
16.3.4 Treatment
16.3.5 Use and disposal
16.4 Operation and Management: Implications for System Boundaries
16.4.1 User interface
16.4.2 Collection and storage
16.4.3 Conveyance
16.4.4 Treatment
16.4.5 Use and disposal
16.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Chapter 17: Wastewater composition
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Domestic Wastewater Flows
17.3 Wastewater Flow Patterns
17.4 Blackwater
17.4.1 Yellowwater
17.4.2 Brownwater
17.5 Greywater
17.6 Proportional Contribution of Nutrients and Organics
17.7 Discussion and Significance
References
Chapter 18: Treatment of the solid fraction
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Composition of Faecal Solids.
18.3 Treatment Goals
18.4 Composting
18.4.1 Process description
18.4.2 Stage of development
18.4.3 Operational requirements
18.4.4 Environmental and health concerns
18.4.5 Configurations
18.5 Vermicomposting
18.5.1 Process description
18.5.2 Stage of development
18.5.3 Operational requirements
18.5.4 Environmental and health concerns
18.5.5 Configurations
18.6 Terra Preta Sanitation
18.6.1 Process description and stage of development
18.6.2 Operational requirements
18.6.3 Environmental and health concerns
18.6.4 Configuration
18.7 Dehydration
18.7.1 Process description
18.7.2 Stage of development
18.7.3 Operational requirements
18.7.4 Environmental and health concerns
18.7.5 Configurations
18.8 Pasteurization
18.9 Conclusions and Outlook
References
Chapter 19: Aerobic elimination of organics and pathogens: greywater treatment
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Composition and Treatability
19.2.1 Organic compounds
19.2.2 Xenobiotics
19.2.3 Pathogens
19.3 Technologies for Aerobic Treatment
19.3.1 Removal of organic compounds
19.3.2 Xenobiotics removal
19.3.3 Pathogen removal
19.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 20: Biological nitrogen conversion processes
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Biological Nitrogen Conversion
20.2.1 Nitrogen uptake
20.2.2 Nitrification
20.2.3 Heterotrophic denitrification
20.2.4 Anaerobic ammonium oxidation(Anammox)
20.3 Nitrogen Stabilization in Urine
20.3.1 Conditions in stored urine
20.3.2 Nitrification without base dosage
20.3.3 Complete ammonia oxidation with base dosage
20.3.4 Use of nitrified urine
20.4 Nitrogen Removal from Urine
20.4.1 Nitritation/anammox in a two-reactor set-up
20.4.2 Nitritation/anammox in a single reactor
20.5 Nitrogen Removal from Blackwater.

Source Separation and Decentralization for Wastewater Management.

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