Metallurgical Production in Northern Eurasia in the Bronze Age

Metallurgical Production in Northern Eurasia in the Bronze Age

Copper is the first metal to play a large part in human history. This work is devoted to the history of metallurgical production in Northern Eurasia during the Bronze Age, based on experiments carried out by the author and analyses of ancient slag, ore and metal.

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Grigoriev, Stanislav
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Oxford : Archaeopress, 2016.
Subjects:
To 1500
Bronze age > Eurasia.
Metal products > Eurasia > History > To 1500.
Bronze age
Metal products
Eurasia
History
Online Access:Click for online access
Table of Contents:
  • Title
  • Copyright Page
  • Contents
  • List of Figures
  • Bookmark 435
  • Introduction
  • Tab. 0-1. Melting points of some slag minerals.
  • Tab. 0-2. Relative viscosity calculated for ores of different chemical compositions.
  • Tab. 0-3. Viscosity calculated for slags of different chemical compositions.
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  • Tab. 0-4. Coefficients of basicity and acidity used for the classification of slag.
  • Tab. 0-5. Quantity of analyses of ore and slag used for calculations of regularities of the trace-elements transition.
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  • Tab. 0-6. Coefficients of trace-elements transition from ore to slag. Statistically doubtful trace-elements are marked out with bold.
  • Tab. 0-7. Coefficients of trace-elements transition from ore (settlement of Ilyaska).
  • Fig. 0-8. Diagram of correlation of lead isotopes (after Gale and Stos-Gale, 2002).
  • Chapter 1. Experiments with Ancient Copper Smelting Technologies
  • Fig. 1-I. Experimental works: 1
  • Large pieces of birch charcoal allow air to circulate freely in the furnace. 2
  • Smelting bowl filled with oxidized ore. 3
  • The firing of tuyeres and crucibles in the open fire. 4
  • Tuyere after its use. It is well visi
  • Fig. 1-II. Experimental works: 1
  • Heaving of the clay lining on the bottom in the process of drying. Therefore in the process of drying it was necessary to seal the surface. 2
  • Dismantling of the furnace. The walls are fired to red color on considerab
  • Fig. 1-III. Experimental works: 1
  • Furnace and smelting bowl after operation. The stick shows the direction of blowing from the tuyere. The red color around the tuyere demonstrates the area of the oxidizing conditions. The black walls show the area of
  • Fig. 1-IV. Experimental works: 1
  • Smelting of oxidized ores is carried out almost without smoke and flame. Color of the charcoal makes possible to distinguish areas with different temperatures. Thus, under the upper layer of charcoal there is an area o
  • Fig. 1-V. Experimental works: 1
  • Microstructure of slag of experimental smelting 5. Length of the photo is 0.54 mm. Delafossite needles, dendrites of cuprite (cherry-colored) and octahedral of magnetite in glass matrix. 2
  • Microstructure of slag of ex
  • Fig. 1-2. Furnace connected to a well. In such furnaces the air circulates along the walls around the interior, uniformly warming the furnace, and the air from bellows goes to its center. Then the air leaves the furnace through a flue situated near the

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